Were There Slaves In Egypt

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Slavery existed in ancient Egypt at least since the Old Kingdom. Discussions of slavery in Pharaonic Egypt are complicated by the terms used by Egyptians to refer to different categories of slavery throughout dynastic history; Describing the written evidence of slave groups in ancient Egypt is difficult to discern using words alone.

But even these seemingly different forms of addiction can be easily defined by everyone. Egyptian work culture included many people from different walks of life.

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The word translated from the Egyptian language as “slave” does not fit neatly into modern terms or the traditional roles of laborers. The terms “servant”, “stranger” and “slave” can describe different roles in different contexts. Egyptian texts refer to the words “bAk” and “Hm” meaning worker or servant. Another Egyptian language refers to people as slaves as ‘sqrw-anx’, which means “bound to live”.

Forms of forced labor and slavery are found throughout ancient Egypt. Egyptians wanted to rule their governments and changed political and social ideologies to suit their economic situation. The existence of slavery was not only good for ancient Egypt, but it facilitated the maintenance of power and stability of governments.

During the Old Kingdom, prisoners of war captured by the Kemite army were called skrw-‘nh (“bound for life”). This was not a special word for “slave” but for prisoners of war, as already mentioned. This word, um, appeared in at least two different uses: 1) “worker” and 2) “servant.” Written evidence exists during the reign of Snefer, in the 26th century BC, of military campaigns in Nubia, where prisoners of war were called skrw-‘nh – and Malyby were all used for manual labor – regardless of their will. otherwise – or – if necessary they would be conscripted into the army. Images from this period show captured prisoners with their hands tied behind their backs. Nubia became a target – due to its proximity, cultural similarities and rivalries in the monarchy, and the extent of planned campaigns to recover foreign prisoners of war extended to Libya and Asia. Due to the unstable economy and debt, even the local Kemites went bankrupt. Officials who abused their power could also be enslaved.

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During the early Middle Ages, slaves were first described as dignified, but continued to be treated as property. Because money lent to wealthy people in Egyptian society could not be repaid, family members were sold into slavery – especially women. During the Middle Kingdom, records show that conscripts (hsbw), refugees (tsjw) and Imperial laborers (hmw-nsw) were among the conscripts. The Reisner Papyrus and the El Lahun Papyrus show prisoners employed in state institutions. Papyrus Brooklyn 35.1446 also shows forced labor on arable land. If a person forced to work tries to escape or does not work, he can be sentenced to hard labor for the rest of his life. One of the El-Lahun papyri describes it as follows: “The order issued by the Great Prison in the year 31, in the third month of the summer season, on the 5th day, to condemn him with his whole family from home to labor in the land for the rest of his life. , according to the court’s decision. Military expeditions continued to reduce Asians to slavery, and government slaves (royal servants) shared the same status as these Asian slaves. Asians would often have Egyptian names, but sometimes inscriptions or papyri referring to them still used ethnic qualifiers such as “Aduna of Asia and son of the home of Ankhu”. Asiatic and imperial slaves could perform a variety of jobs: “We find royal laborers employed as field workers, domestic servants, and cobblers; If a domestic servant did not do his job well enough, he could be kicked out of the house where he worked. In some cases, servants seem to be emotionally important to their families, as the Cairo Bowl shows.

One of the Berlin papyri shows that during the Second Middle Ages a slave could belong to a noble (e.g. a king) and to the public. In addition, the nation became powerful and now had the power to control public and slave property, replacing the traditional powers of the king and his royal staff. During this period, slaves could sometimes become citizens. Another way this could happen was through marriage.

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Many other slaves were also bought in the Mediterranean slave market, where Egypt was the main buyer of international slaves. This Mediterranean market seems to have been dominated by Asian Bedouins who caught people as tourists and then sold them in the market. The tomb of Ahmose I contains an autobiography that boasts much about the capture of slaves from other Asian countries. Egyptian slaves were treated humanely as laborers, while foreign slaves were traded. Foreigners captured during military campaigns, for example in the Annals of Thutmose III, are called “m in captivity” and individuals were called “depdts” (mrj). As a reward for his services in building temples throughout Egypt, Thutmose III granted his official Minmose more than 150 “departments.” During the reign of Amhotep II. In Medinet Hab, it is said that the defeated Sea People were captured as prisoners of war and taken into slavery. During this period, slaves could sometimes be controlled. Another manuscript known as Papyrus Harris I records Ramses III claiming to have captured countless foreign slaves:

+ “I have brought back many of those who were saved by my sword, whose hands were tied behind their backs before my horses, their wives and their children by the thousands, and their number is hundreds of thousands. I also added the heads of the archers and the princes of the tribes, who were marked with the marks of handmaids, and the slaves whose names were written in my name, and their wives and children were treated in the same way. .”

In the Adoption Papyrus, the word “slave”/”servant” is compared to the word “free citizen (nmhj) of Pharaoh’s land”. The term nmhj often means orphan or poor person. Methods by which slaves could gain freedom included marriage or temple service (“purification”). The latter is depicted, for example, on the Resurrection Stone from Tutankhamun. Ramesside Egypt saw the development of the institution of slavery where slaves could become private (as opposed to public) property and could be bought and sold. Slaves themselves could now own some property and had some legal protections, though not many.

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Most Chattel slaves were prisoners of war and were taken to various cities and countries to be sold as slaves. All captives, including civilians who were not part of the military forces, were royal property. The pharaoh could return captives by taking them to colonies for hard labor, putting them in temples, giving them as rewards to worthy people, or giving them to his soldiers as booty. Some chattel slaves started out as free people who were found guilty of illegal activities and forced to give up their freedom. Some chattel slaves were born to a slave woman.

Ancient Egyptians were able to sell themselves and their children into slavery in the form of hard labor. Being sold into slavery was not a people’s choice, it was the result of people not being able to pay their debts.

The creditor would cancel the debt by taking the creditor as a slave along with his child and wife. The debtor would also have to give up everything he owned. The poor could also be sold into slavery for food or shelter.

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Some slaves were bought in slave markets near the Asian region and taken into custody as prisoners of war. Not all of them came from other places outside of Egypt, but slaves were known to be found and collected in other countries. This act of slavery increased Egypt’s military status and power. Bonded laborers dreamed of liberation but did not know if it would ever be achieved. Slaves from abroad to Egypt were allowed to return home, but those brought from Nubia and Libya were forced to remain on Egypt’s borders.

One form of slavery in ancient Egypt offered captives the promise of life after death. Ushabtis were funerary figures buried with the dead Egyptians. Historians came to this conclusion

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