Why Was Education Important In Ancient Egypt

Why Was Education Important In Ancient Egypt – The pyramids of Menkaura (front), Khafre (center) and Khufu tower over present-day Cairo, Egypt. (The two smaller pyramids in front were probably built for queens.)

The year is 2490 BC. ISK Wooden boats navigate the Nile River in Egypt as thousands of workers stack huge blocks of stone into the pyramid. This 200-foot tall structure honors a pharaoh named Menkaure. This pharaoh’s father, Khafre, ordered the construction of a 450-foot-tall pyramid nearby, and his grandfather Khufu built the Great Pyramid of Giza—the largest of the three—to a height of about 480 feet. The pyramids are covered in polished white limestone and seem to glow in the sunlight.

Why Was Education Important In Ancient Egypt

The Egyptians who worked on the pyramids helped create a culture that would last more than 3,000 years – one of the longest-lived civilizations in the world. At that time, the Egyptians created ancient works of art and engineering that still amaze us today.

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People settled in Egypt as early as 6000 BC. Over time, small villages united and became kingdoms until two kingdoms emerged: Lower Egypt, spanning the Nile Delta to the Mediterranean Sea in the north, and Upper Egypt, spanning the Nile Valley in the south. (The Nile River runs from south to north, so for the ancient Egyptians the southern part of the country was “up”.)

Around 3100 BC a king (later called a pharaoh) united these two countries into one country, so historians begin the long history of ancient Egypt here and divide it into different periods. (They don’t always know the exact date of historical events. That’s why you’ll see “ca” next to some years. It’s short for “circa” which means “about”.)

The Early Dynastic Period, about 525 years (about 3100 BC to about 2575 BC): These early pharaohs worked to keep two lands under their control. To do this, they claimed that the falcon god Horus watched over them, so that the Egyptians should respect them. They also used record keeping in the form of hieroglyphs to record things like royal orders and taxes that people paid in grain. (a dynasty is a succession of rulers from the same family.)

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The Old Kingdom, about 425 years (about 2575 BC to about 2150 BC): During this time, the pharaohs had enough power and wealth to build pyramids in their honor; therefore, the Old Kingdom is sometimes called the “Age of the Pyramids”. The pharaohs of the time were mostly associated with the sun god Ra, a tradition that would continue throughout Egyptian history.

First Intermediate Period, about 200 years (about 2130 BC to about 1938 BC): These pharaohs lost power after a drought struck Egypt. Instead, local leaders took control of their communities and stopped sending grain to the central government. Eventually these local rulers formed independent states.

Middle Kingdom, about 300 years (about 1938 BC to about 1630 BC): About 1938 BC BC Mentuhotep II reunited the country and ushered in a period known for producing some of Egypt’s greatest works of art. The Egyptians first wrote stories for entertainment, and the pharaohs began the construction of the Karnak temple in the present-day city of Luxor.

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Statues like this one, which shows a seated figure with raised knees and crossed arms, were made during the Middle Kingdom.

The weak pharaohs lost control again. Conquerors from Western Asia, called the Hyksos, ruled the north; the people of Kush, a kingdom south of Egypt, took over in Upper Egypt.

New Kingdom, about 465 years (about 1540 BC to 1075 BC): The Egyptians regained power and crowned some of Egypt’s most famous rulers: Pharaoh Hatshepsut ruled for 21 years; Akhenaten tried to establish a new religion and his son, the boy king Tutankhamun, ruled for 10 years. Ramses II built more monuments to himself than any other pharaoh. This was the most prosperous and powerful period of ancient Egypt.

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Three 66-foot-tall statues of Ramses II (one of which is broken) stand at the entrance to the main temple of Abu Simbel, a historic site.

It was a time of drought, famine and foreign invasions. But some pharaohs prospered. Although King Taharqa was a foreign ruler from Kush, a kingdom south of Egypt, he repaired ruined temples and even began rebuilding the pyramids for the first time in about 800 years.

Late Period, about 300 years (about 656 BC to 332 BC): This period marks the last time that ancient Egypt was ruled by native Egyptians. King Darius I took command of the army from Persia (now Iran).

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Macedonian and Ptolemaic Egypt, about 300 years (332 BC to 30 BC): In 332 BC BC, Alexander the Great conquered the dominant Persians and then gave power to the Greek general Ptolemy I Soter. Since then, Egypt was ruled by Greek pharaohs. The last, Cleopatra VII, lost the war to the Roman ruler Octavian. Egypt would be ruled by the Romans for the next 600 years.

Over the course of 2000 years, the pharaohs built on the Karnak Temple, eventually creating one of the largest temple complexes in the world.

Most people in ancient Egypt were farmers. They lived with their families in brick houses that were near the Nile River.

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Every year the Nile would flood, leaving behind fertile soil to plant crops such as wheat, barley, lettuce, flax and papyrus. When the Egyptians learned how to bring river water to their fields, they were able to grow more food, including grapes, apricots, olives, and beans.

During the flood season, farmers could not tend to their crops. Instead, some worked on the construction of pyramids, tombs and monuments. Other people worked as scribes (people who recorded events), priests and doctors.

Women in ancient Egypt had more freedom than women in other ancient cultures. Like men, they could be scholars, priests and doctors and generally had the same rights as men. Women could own their own homes and businesses.

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Ancient Egyptians love to have fun too! They swam and canoed in the Nile, played board games and enjoyed music and dancing.

In fact, the Egyptians enjoyed life so much that they believed the afterlife would be almost exactly the same—except without things like sadness, disease, or pesky mosquitoes. Even pets like cats, dogs or monkeys would join them there.

Being mummified—the process of preserving the body—was an important part of how Egyptians believed their souls would enter the afterlife. So were the graves. These burial chambers were filled with things that man would need there: food, games and even underwear!

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The papyrus scrolls, known as the Book of the Dead, were placed in tombs beginning in the New Kingdom and contained spells and instructions for passage through the underworld to the afterlife.

According to legend, the ancient Egyptian gods also helped people in the afterlife. Some, like the jackal-headed Anubis, helped lead people to the underworld, where they would be judged by its ruler, the god Osiris.

Egyptians believed that other gods also help them in real life. For example, the wife of Osiris, the goddess Isis, helped to cure human diseases, and the goddess Tefnut caused rain.

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The first rulers were buried in the ground. Since around 3100 B.C. rulers were buried under mastabas, which are flat, rectangular structures made of mud bricks. (Mastaba means “bench” in Arabic.)

The first rulers were buried in the ground. Since around 3100 B.C. rulers were buried under mastabas, which are flat, rectangular structures made of mud bricks. (Mastaba means “bench” in Arabic.)

Today, millions of tourists visit Egypt every year to see the pyramids, tombs and temples. But these relics are not all that this ancient culture left behind.

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Ancient Egyptian astronomers created a calendar similar to ours – based on the rotation of the sun – and are believed to be the first civilization to measure the year with 365 days. They were also mathematical geniuses: historians think that division and multiplication were first developed by these people. (Besides, how else would they figure out how to build a pyramid without a lot of math?)

It was also one of the first civilizations to have written language using a system called hieroglyphics, where symbols rather than letters represent words or sounds. (These people even made writing sheets from a plant called papyrus.) Hieroglyphics were carved into most temples and tombs to record names and dates, describe events such as battles, and provide directions for the afterlife.

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